CIVIL RELATION. THat Relation arising from the associating of Families under Government for mutual benefit and defence, is styled Political or CIVIL, Republic,*Commonwealth, State, political, secular.

To which may be opposed ANARCHY, Confusion.

The Notions belonging to this do refer either to

• Persons in a political capacity, considered according to their
  • DEGREES. I.
  • PROFESSIONS or Vocations. II.
  • CONVENTIONS. III.
• Things or businesses, relating to
  • RIGHTS. IV.
  • CONTRACTS for the Alienation of our Rights. V.
  • OBLIGATIONS for the Confirmation of Contracts. VI.

• Study Field

I. Those differences whereby men under a Political Relation, are di∣stinguished from one another,* according to their several ranks, are styled, DEGREES, Place, Quality, Rank, Order, Scutcheon, Coat of Arms, Herald.

To which may be opposed the word PARITY, Levelling.

These are either

• More general; according to the first common Difference of ‖ govern∣ing, namely such to whom doth belong the power and care of direct∣ing others in their duty, and rewarding or punishing them accord∣ingly: or governed, namely such as are under this Power.
  • MAGISTRATE, Rector, Governour, Regent, Rule-er, Dominion, Sway, Consul, President, Provost, Warden, Head, Territory, Seigniory, Ma∣jor, Baylif, Syndic, States, Iurisdiction.
  • SUBJECT-ion, Vassal, submit, Homage, Liegeman, Private person, truckle, Vnderling.
• More particular; relating to
  • Kinds of principal Magistrates; which have great variety of Titles in several Countries, not necessary to be distinctly provided for here, excepting onely such as are either; ‖ Sovereign: or Homagers to some other.
    • KING, Sovereign, Emperor, Imperial, Monarch, Queen, regal, royal, Majesty, reign, Kingdom, Lord, Dynasty, Sultan, Cham, Liege Lord, Regent, Realm, Diadem, Crown, Coronation, Scepter, Throne, en∣throne, Viceroy.
    • PRINCE, Potentate.
  • Orders of Subjects.
    • Higher.
      • More general; comprehending the ‖ greater: or lesser Nobility.
        • LORD, Peer, Nobleman, honourable, Patrician, Duke, Mar∣quess, Earl, Count, Viscount, Baron.
        • GENTLEMAN, Gentry, Knight, Esquire, Sir, Madam, Wor∣ship-ful, Gentil-ity, Wellborn.
      • More special; with relation to the Degrees in liberal Professions; either ‖ perfect: or inchoate.
        • GRADUATE, commence, Degree, Doctor, Master, Rabbi.
        • CANDIDATE, Batchelor, Inceptor, canvas, sue, stand for.
    • Middle; considered
      • Aggregately.
        • PEOPLE, Folk, Commonalty, Community, mean, obscure, igno∣ble, Plebeian, Populacie, popular, populous.
      • Segregately; as they are Inhabitants either in ‖ Cities: or the Countrey
        • CITIZEN, Free-man, enfranchise, Denizon, Townsman.
        • YEOMAN.
  • Lower sort; considered
    • Aggregately.
      • RABBLE, Vulgus, Tag-rag, base.
    • Segregately; according to their want of ‖ Dignity: or Wealth.
      • VILLAIN, Varlet, Rascal, Peasant, Boor, servile, Sirrah, Vassal, base.
      • BEGGAR, Rogue, Mendicant, Shake-ragg.

• Conditions of men; as having ‖ a right to dispose of themselves: or not.
  • FREE-MAN, liberal, enfranchise, Burgess,
  • SLAVE, emancipate, manumit, servile, illiberal, Bondman, Bon∣dage, Thraldom, enthrall, enslave, serve, Droyl, Drudge.

• PROFESSIONS

III. The several Aggregates of men under Political Government, are usually styled either by that more general:* or special name.

• CONVENTION, Assembly, Meeting, Congregation, Convocation, Company, Rendezvouz, Concourse, Confluence, Quire, Chapter, Committee, Club, Hall, convene, Conventicle, Sessions, Assize, flock or gather together.
• SOCIETY, Gyld, Gang, Tribe, Clan, Fraternity, Club, Knot, Crew, Fellow∣ship, Company·

These are either such as have the same

• General inducements; in respect of
• Language and supreme Government; whether ‖ primitively: or de∣rivatively.
• NATION-al, epidemical, naturalize, People, Country, vernacu∣lar, Patriot.
• COLONY, Plantation.
• Place of Habitation; considered according to the
• General name; denoting such as inhabit ‖ more dispersedly in the open fields: or more close together, usually within fenced places.
• COUNTRY, rural, rustic, Peasant, Boor, Hinde, Kern, Swain, Clown, Tike.
• TOWN, Burrough.
• Special kinds; signifying all that part of a Nation under the same
• Subordinate Government; ‖ dwelling more at large: or such as dwell close together, with peculiar Liberties and Priviledges in common amongst them.
• PROVINCE, Circuit.
• CITY, Suburbs, Metropolis, See, Borough, municipal.
• Lowest Government; whether ‖ with: or without Iurisdiction.
• SHIRE, County, Tribe, District, Riding.
• PARISH, parochial, Parson, Vicar, Thorpe, Village.
• Special inducements; for ‖
• Attendance on Governours: or advice in the Government.
• COURT-ier, aulical.
• COUNCIL, Senate, Parliament, Diet, Conclave, Consistory, San∣hedrim, Synod, Committee.
• Education in Learning; either ‖ of the Adult, with a power to license them for the Liberal professions: or onely of Children or young be∣ginners.
• UNIVERSITY, Academy, School.
• SCHOOL.
• Regulating the affairs of some ‖ Trade: or Profession; especially if they cohabit for those ends in a kind of Political family.
• CORPORATION, Gyld, Brotherhood, Fraternity, Company, So∣ciety, community, municipal, incorporate.
• COLLEGE-iate, Fellow.
• Driving on of some design; ‖ in general: or with particular reference to the opposing of what is legally established.
• LEAGUE, Confederacy, Combination, Alliance, Complice, Parti∣san, Party, side with, joyn, hold together, Pack, compact.
• FACTION, Sect, Iuncto, Gang, conspire, side with, combine, Par∣ty-zan, Oligarchy.

IV. The things which in Iustice or Equity▪ do belong to persons,* are called RIGHTS, Title, Interest, Estate, Tenure▪ Holding, Freehold, Gift, Col∣lation, Reversion, Landlord, Paramount, endow, enfeoff. To which may be adjoyned the word LIBERTIES, denoting whatsoever is permitted, or not forbidden to them.

These are considerable according to their

• Original; being either
• Primary and unwritten.
• Not voluntary; but according to ‖ the condition of its first being: or common practice and continuance.
• NATURE.
• CUSTOM, accustom, Vse, Wont, Guise, Fashion, Rite, Vsage, usual, currant, common, ordinary, ure, enure, Habit, Practice, Haunt, pre∣scribe, unusual, obsolete, familiar, received, conversant, Habit, manner, course, Hank, Exercise, Prescription, Desuetude.
• Voluntary; according to the ‖ choice of the Will: or a determined order.
• ELECTION, Choice.
• SUCCESSION, devolve, follow, Place.
• Secondary and written.
• General; whether ‖ perpetual: or temporal.
• LAW, Act, Statute, Decree, Sanction, Constitution, Canon, Rule, legal, legitimate, enact, ordain, order, abrogate, repeal, prescribe, Legislator.
• EDICT, Ordinance, Proclamation, Order, Breve, Bull, Act, Rule, Sanction, Rescript.
• Special; conferring ‖ Right to have: or Right to do.
• PATENT, Charter, Brief, Letters Patents, Placard.
• COMMISSION, Brief.
• parts; consisting in▪
• Power over that which is
• One's own; either ‖ totally: or as to the use of it.
• PROPRIETY, Concern, Owner, Proprietary.
• USUS-FRUCTUS.
• Another's; either as to ‖ his person: or his affairs.
• AUTHORITY, Power, Dominion, Prefect, President, Head, Pro∣vost, Master, Plenipotentiary, authentic, classic, govern, ratifie, Rule, sway, inspection, dispose, Precinct, Territory.
• OFFICE, Place, Cure, overlook, officiate, superintend, surveigh, oversight, charge, conduct, Commissary, Prefect, Collegue, Groom.
• Liberty; with respect to
• Advantages by special Law; either ‖ of the supreme Magistrate: or of some particular rank of Subjects.
• PREROGATIVE, Royalty.
• PRIVILEGE, Franchise, enfranchise, freedom, Grace, preeminence.
• Remission or exemption from the rigour of a general Law, in its ‖
• Commanding: or prohibiting.
• DISPENSATION.
• LICENCE, Permission, Sufferance, Leave, allowance, Faculty, Connivence, Placard, Prattick, let, may, suffer, admit, dispence, Pass-port, Safe conduct, Letters of Mart.
• Punishing: or imposing burthens.
• TOLERATION, Connivence, suffer, let alone, Quarter.
• IMMUNITY, free, Discharge, Exemption, Quarter, scot-free.

V. The mutual negotiating betwixt men in their ordinary converse with one another is styled CONTRACT,*Commerce, Entercourse, Traffic, Trade, Negotiation: to which may be annexed for affinity the most general occasion for such Intercourse, namely, the parting with one thing for the getting of ano∣ther, called EXCHANGE, barter, chaffer, cope, swap, truck, chop, Commutation, Scoursing, Bargain, Match.

The principal matters belonging to this Head do either refer to

• Actions;
• General; whether
• Absolute; transferring a thing from one to another; whether ‖ for his use to whom it is transferred: or for his use that transfers.
• ASSIGNING, consigning, conveying, resigning, deliver, put over.
• DEPOSITING, Trustee, Feoffee, enfeoff, charge, commend, recommend, entrust, commit, Fiduciary, Sequestration.
• Conditional▪ ‖ giving: or having right to an Estate after the death of him who disposeth of it.
• BEQUEATHING, devising, Legacy, Testament, Will, Executor, Intestate.
• INHERITING, Heir, hereditary, Heritage, Patrimony, Fee-simple, En∣tail, disherit, Hereditament, Portion, Primogeniture.
• Special; either by
• Parting with: or procuring propriety in any thing, upon the consideration for something else to be taken or given in exchange.
• SELLING, vent, utter, Ware, Commodity, Sale-able, venal, vendible, sta∣ple, put off, retail, afford, handsel, monopoly, make mony of, serve one with.
• BUYING, purchase, Cater, Chapman, Customer, engrossing, ransom, re∣deem, regrate, forestal, interlope, preemption, the refusing.
• Parting with: or procuring the temporary use of something belonging to another; according to
• The more general name.
• LENDING, Loan, Creditor, prostitute, trust.
• BORROWING, take up.
• The particular kind▪ relating to some temporary reward to be ‖ taken, and given.
• DEMISING, let, let out, let to farm, lease, Lessor, Landlord, Broker, Rent, Principal, Interest, put to use.
• HIRING, farming, backney, mercenary, prostitute, Tenant, Lessee, Lease, Rent, Interest, Vse, at livery, Gratis.
• Bestowing skill or labour about any business: or compensating of it.
• EARNING, Merit, Desert, Meed, Demerit, supererogate.
• WAGES, Fee, Salary, Pension, Stipend, Vails, fare, freight, gratis.
• Things; whether more
• Private; to be exhibited by the
• Buyer; either ‖ the whole value: or a part of it, for assurance of the rest.
• PRICE, Rate, Value, Worth, Ransom, stand in, cost, cheap, dear, preci∣ous, sumptuous, rich, inhaunce, depreciate.
• EARNEST, Gage, Pledge.
• Seller; either ‖ the thing bought: or some part, for security of the whole.
• BARGAIN, Ware, Commodity.
• SEISIN, Livery, install, admit, Entry, inthrone, inaugurate, invest.
• Public; towards defraying the charge of Government; whether ‖ ordinary: or occasional.
• TRIBUTE, Custom; Annates, Gabel, Excise, Toll, Impost, Publicane.
• TAX, Rate, Contribution, Collection, assess, Publicane, Subsidy, Tun∣nage, pontage, pannage, Pole, Collector, Scot, Sesment.

VI. Those several kinds of Assurances which men offer concerning what they intend to give or do, are styled, OBLIGATIONS, plight,*en∣gage, Deed, bind, Bond, Bill, evidence, &c. undertake for.

And when such Obligations are reciprocal, they are then called PA∣CTIONS, Agreement, Compact, Covenant, Bargain, Condition, indent, Match, Stipulation, Sponsion, Warranty, Article, strike up a bargain.

These are either

• Imperfect; or degrees towards Contracts more
  • Remote; in the first overtures of a Contract; whether ‖ as begun by one: or mutual betwixt both.
    • BESPEAKING, Retain.
    • TREATING, driving a Bargain, capitulate, chaffer, parley, cheapen, huck, haggle.
  • Near; in proposal of those terms according to which one obliges himself to ‖ buy: or sell.
    • BID, offer, huck, haggle.
    • DEMAND, cheapen, ask, exact.
• Perfect; either in
  • Words;
    • Spoken.
      • Common; ‖ ingaging our Veracity, sometimes with the addition of such solemn expressions as may testifie our reality.
        • PROMISE, Word, Parol, plight, Covenant, League, undertake for, pass ones word.
        • PROTESTATION, Asseveration, averr, vouch, stand in, Atte∣station.
      • Sacred; ingaging our Religion, and appealing to God as ‖ a Witness, and as a Iudge, to punish us upon our falshood.
        • SWEARING, Oath, deposing, abjure, Perjury, adjure, purge upon Oath.
        • IMPRECATION, Execration, Malediction, Cursing.
    • Written; attested with ‖ our peculiar name, or Mark: or Impressing some figure in Wax, or some like matter
      • SIGNING, Obligation, Deed, Evidence, Bill, Indenture, Instru∣ment, Writing, Muniment, Conveyance, Policy, subscribe, under ones hand, set ones hand.
      • SEALING, Seal, Signet, Sigil, Bond, specialty.
  • Security;
    • Personal: whether ‖ express, by promising for another, and making himself liable to the same Penalty upon the other's failing: or impli∣cit, by speaking in one's behalf.
      • SPONSION, Stipulation, Bail, vouch, undertake for, Surety-ship, Hostage, Security, Warrant, Caution, engage, responsible for.
      • INTERCESSION, Mediate or, interpose, speak for.
    • Real, of ones Goods; either
      • Absolute; by ingaging for the truth of a Promise either ‖ the Goods in specie, or only his right to them.
        • PAWN, Pledge, gage, engage.
        • MORGAGE, Security, Statute, Caution, engage.
      • Relative; by ingaging them for the success of a thing contingent, ‖ either as Principal, or as Accessory.
        • WAGER, Stake, vy, lay, prize.
        • BET, Stake, vy, revy.